Chromene Inhibits LPS-stimulated Inflammation by the NF-kB and MAPKs Pathways

Abstract

Cells stimulated by various reactions to produce inflammatory responses can be exacerbated, which can lead to a plethora of diseases or cancer. Chromenes from the Sargassum species are reported to have anti-inflammatory activity therefore, in this study, chromene was identified as a natural effective remedy for inflammation. We isolated a functional algal chromene compound from Sargassum siliquastrum, named sargachromanol D (SD). The anti-inflammatory effect of SD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated by measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, and production of inflammatory mediators and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. SD inhibited production of NO and PGE2 from LPS-induced cells by preventing the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Along with this, levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were reduced with increasing concentrations of SD. Moreover, SD inhibited the activation of NF-κB and mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that SD inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by mediation of the NF-κB and MAPKs pathways in macrophages. in this study, chromene was identified as a naturaleffective remedy for inflammation. We isolated a functional algal chromene compound from Sargassum siliquastrum, named sargachromanol D (SD). The anti-inflammatory effect of SD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated by measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, and production of inflammatory mediators and the pro-inflammatory cytokines. SD inhibited production of NO and PGE2 from LPS-induced cells by preventing the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Along with this, levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were reduced with increasing concentrations of SD. Moreover, SD inhibited the activation of NF-κB and mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that SD inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by mediation of the NF-κB and MAPKs pathways in macrophages.