Flux and stable C and N isotope composition of sinking particles in the Ulleung Basin of the East/Japan Sea

Abstract

Seasonal variability of sinking fluxes of total mass (TMF), particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON) was examined using sinking particles collected from sediment traps during July 2011 to December 2011, and December 2012 to June 2013 at an offshore channel site; and from November 2013 to August 2014 at a nearshore slope site of the Ulleung Basin in the East/Japan Sea. delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of sinking particles were measured to elucidate the major export processes of POC and PON. Annual TMF (112-638 g m(-2) yr(-1)) and fluxes of POC and PON (9.6-321 g C m(-2) yr(-1) and 1.2-4.5 g N m(-2) yr(-1), respectively) in the Ulleung Basin corresponded to the upper limit of values reported for other open seas and oceans in the world. No great seasonal variability in both quantitative (TMF, and fluxes and contents of POC and PON) and qualitative (C/N ratios, and delta C-13 and delta N-15 values) estimates of vertical fluxes was observed, reflecting a steady standing stock of chlorophyll a in the upper part of water column. Furthermore, high contents of POC and PON and nearly constant delta C-13 and delta N-15 values in sinking particles collected in the sediment traps, indicate that primary production in the euphotic zone may be a good predictor of TMF and export flux of organic matter. In this regard, our pilot study,points out the importance of high annual primary production and low water temperature (< 1 degrees C) beneath the 200-m water depth, which would enable more sinking particles to be preserved during export process by limiting microbial decomposition activity in the water column, in determining the high annual flux of sinking particles in the Ulleung Basin (UB). A simple stable isotope mixing model of sinking particles indicates that despite a slight seasonal variation, the contribution of intact phytoplankton to sinking organic flux is significant to the POC and PON flux in the UB. Further continuous time series sediment trap experiments are proposed to estimate the contribution of allochthonus sources such as lateral advection through resuspended clay mineral, and aeolian and terrestrial inputs to the sedimentary flux.