Prorocentrum shikokuense Hada and P. donghaiense Lu are junior synonyms of P. obtusidens Schiller, but not of P. dentatum Stein (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae)

Abstract

In Japanese, Chinese and Korean coastal waters, recurrent blooms of a small, elongate Prorocentrum species have been observed in recent years. In previous studies, this species has been respectively identified as P. shikokuense, P. donghaiense and P. dentatum, despite morphological similarity and identical rDNA sequences. To resolve the confusion, morphological features, including the architectural details of the periflagellar area, were examined and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences were obtained from specimens collected from the East China Sea and Korean coast, and a strain established in the waters off the Canary Islands of Spain. In addition, the descriptions of the three species and allied species were reviewed. Morphological observations and a phylogeny based on the SSU, ITS region and LSU rDNA sequences revealed that the previously confused species and our studied strains are conspecific and that the morphology of strains identified as P. dentatum in the phylogenetic trees does not coincide with P. dentatum sensu stricto. The confusion can be traced back to Dodge (1975, p. 116), who considered P. veloi, P. monacense and P. obtusidens as junior heterotypic synonyms of P. dentatum. However, Dodge's P. dentatum are closer to P. obtusidens sensu stricto, rather than P. dentatum sensu stricto. P. obtusidens sensu stricto can be distinguished from P. dentatum sensu stricto by its relatively small size, parallel sides towards the anterior and a blunt anterior extension on one side. This indicates that P. obtusidens should not be considered a synonym of P. dentatum sensu stricto. In addition, a comparison of the original descriptions of P. obtusidens and allied species allowed to conclude that small, elongate Prorocentrum from Japanese, Chinese and Korean coastal waters previously identified as P. shikokuense, P. donghaiense, P. dentatum sensu Yoo and Lee (1986) and the specimens studied herein, which share identical rDNA sequences, morphologically coincide with P. obtusidens. Therefore, it is proposed that P. shikokuense and P. donghaiense should be regarded as junior synonyms of P. obtusidens.