Co-variance between free-living bacteria and Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyta) harmful algal blooms, South Korea

Abstract

To understand the co-variance between common free-living bacteria and Cochlodinium polykrikoides harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their metabolic functions, we investigated 110 sampling sites in the Southern Sea of South Korea. These sampling sites were divided into three groups based on environmental factors and phytoplankton data with a similarity of 85% using non-metric multidimensional scaling. One group represented high-severity C. polykrikoides blooms, while the other two represented low-severity or no blooms. In high-severity HABs, inorganic phosphorous and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were strongly correlated with C. polykrikoides density (p < 0.01). This may reflect the changes in biochemical cycling due to inorganic and organic substrates released by HAB cells (or by cell destruction). Furthermore, 88 common bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs, with mean relative abundance > 1%) were identified. These included Gammaproteobacteria (36 OTUs), Flavobacteriia (24), Alphaproteobacteria (18), and other taxa (11). When C. polykrikoides blooms intensified, the relative abundances of Gammaproteobacteria also increased. OTU #030 (Flavicella sp., Flavobacteria, 96%) was positively correlated with C. polykrikoides abundance (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). Functional analysis based on the dominant bacterial OTUs revealed that chemoheterotrophy-related functions were more common in high-severity sites of HABs than in other groups. Therefore, the occurrence of HABs highlighted their interactions with bacteria and affected the bacterial community structure and metabolic functions.