Adverse effects of three alternative booster antifouling biocide on embryonic flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): An approach to transcriptome and morphogenesis

Abstract

The use of alternative biocides for antifouling application has increased since the restriction on the use of organotin compounds. However, there is the limited information of those biocides on the developmental toxicity to nan-target marine organism. Assessment of the toxic effects associated with alternative biocides is also needed in resident species. The present study determined the developmental toxic effects of the alternative antifouling compounds including Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and Sea-nine 211 on the early developmental stages of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). At 48h after exposure, frequency percentage of mortality was <10% in all the exposure group of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron. But embryos were shown 100% of mortality in the exposure group of 100 ug/L for sea-nine 211. Overall, three biocides produced a largely overlapping suite of defects, marked by the well-known effects including caudal fin fold defects, dorsal curvature, and pericardial edema. Embryos exposed to Irgarol 1051 and Sea-nine 211 were observed pericardial edema except for embryos exposed to Diuron. Those biocides may be ranked in the following order from highest malformation and mortalities Sea nine 211 > Irgarol 1051 > Diuron. We used high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) to characterize the developmental toxic effects from oil exposure. Genes associated with proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic pathway process, and intracele organism. Assessment of the toxic effects associated with alternative biocides is also needed in resident species. The present study determined the developmental toxic effects of the alternative antifouling compounds including Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and Sea-nine 211 on the early developmental stages of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). At 48h after exposure, frequency percentage of mortality was <10% in all the exposure group of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron. But embryos were shown 100% of mortality in the exposure group of 100 ug/L for sea-nine 211. Overall, three biocides produced a largely overlapping suite of defects, marked by the well-known effects including caudal fin fold defects, dorsal curvature, and pericardial edema. Embryos exposed to Irgarol 1051 and Sea-nine 211 were observed pericardial edema except for embryos exposed to Diuron. Those biocides may be ranked in the following order from highest malformation and mortalities Sea nine 211 > Irgarol 1051 > Diuron. We used high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) to characterize the developmental toxic effects from oil exposure. Genes associated with proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic pathway process, and intracel