Developmental toxicity of antifouling system from water jet cleaning effluent on embryonic flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) : An approach to transcriptome and morphogenesis

Abstract

Antifouling constituents enter the marine environment through hull maintenance. Antifouling paint removed by scraping and blasting and painting constitute are readily transported into the marine environment where they become interspersed with sediments, creating ‘hotspots’ of contamination. Leached biocides of the paint matrix are considerably more persistent and therefore, they likely to pose a longer-term threat to the local marine environment. The present study determined the toxic effects of the water jet effluent from dry-dock cleaning of R/V Ear-Do and methanol extract of water jet effluent on embryonic flounder. At 48h after exposure, two exposure materials produced a largely overlapping suite of malformation defects, including caudal fin fold defects, dorsal curvature, and pericardial edema. But, the embryonic flounder exposed to WJE produced the higher malformation effects than those of WJEM exposure group. We characterized the developmental defects from antifouling paint constitute using high-throughput sequencing. The unigenes were functionally annotated based on protein sequence similarity using GO analysis and KEGG. The distribution of GO terms showed that dendrite and negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process were enriched in both of exposure group. In embryonic flounder exposed to WJE, the distribution of GO terms showed that cell morphogenesis, regulation of signal transduction, and sarcomere were enriched (cutoff P<0.01) and neurotransmitter transport, diacylglycerol kinase activity and cytoskeleton were enriched in embryonic flounder exposed to WJEM.