Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone suppresses inflammatory activity via MAPKs signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages and zebrafish model

Abstract

In this study, we confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of Apo-9-fucoxanthinone (AF) in in vitro RAW 264.7 cells and in vivo zebrafish model. In LPS-stimulated zebrafish, AF significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cell death. In addition, the mRNA expression of iNOS, suppressed COX-2 and an inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α were shown reduction. And AF significantly inhibited NO production and expression of iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Further, AF suppressed COX-2, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 25, 50 and 100 &micro g/mL, respectively. Further mechanistic studies showed that AF suppressed the nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) pathway and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway molecules such as ERK and JNK. According to the results, AF can be used and applied as a useful anti-inflammatory agent of nutraceutical or pharmaceutical. (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cell death. In addition, the mRNA expression of iNOS, suppressed COX-2 and an inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α were shown reduction. And AF significantly inhibited NO production and expression of iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Further, AF suppressed COX-2, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at 25, 50 and 100 &micro g/mL, respectively. Further mechanistic studies showed that AF suppressed the nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) pathway and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway molecules such as ERK and JNK. According to the results, AF can be used and applied as a useful anti-inflammatory agent of nutraceutical or pharmaceutical.