Transcriptome analysis of Hydra magnipapillata exposed to pharmaceuticals

Abstract

A large number of pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary practices have been continually released in aquatic environments. These pharmaceuticals potentially induce various adverse effects in aquatic organisms. This study investigated lethal or sublethal concentrations, morphological changes and physiological effects of fluoxetine [FLX], diclofenac [DIC], ibuprofen [IBU], naproxen [NAP] and acetaminophen [APAP] in H. magnipapillata. Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of these pharmaceuticals for 24, 48 and 72 h were 3.678, 3.082 and 2.901 mg/L for FLX 13.017, 8.147, 7.045 mg/L for DIC 57.847, 42.191, 32.501 mg/L for IBU and 51.999, 44.935, 42.500 mg/L for NAP, respectively. Median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of APAP were 231.335 and 487.901 mg/L for 72 and 96 h, respectively. Morphological analysis showed that FLX, IBU, DIC and NAP induced retraction on tentacles and body column with slight variations. However, APAP did not induce any morphological changes, but inhibited head and tentacles regeneration. Transcriptome analysis showed that FLX induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, growth and developmental effects, and impaired gametogenesis DIC induced DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, protein degradation and inflammation IBU induced ER-stress and oxidative stress NAP induced ER-stress, growth and developmental effects and inflammation and APAP induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and impaire