5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde inhibited LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators through the inactivation of ERK, p38, and NF-kappa B pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (BHMB) on inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells and the associated mechanism of action. BHMB concentration-dependently suppressed protein and mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2, thereby inhibiting the production of NO and PGE(2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. BHMB also reduced the mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of BHMB, we investigated the effects of BHMB on the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathways. BHMB suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B-alpha and markedly inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The compound also inhibited the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK and p38. Taken together, these results illustrated that BHMB suppresses pro-inflammatory mediator and cytokine expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 and the activation of NF-kappa B. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.