Developmental Toxic effects of three alternative antifouling biocide on non-target marine fish

Abstract

To compare the toxic effects of three alternative commercial biocides on pelagic nan-target fish embryos, we investigate the adverse effects of developmental malformation and transcriptome analysis using high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq). Overall, three biocides produced a largely overlapping suite of developmental malformation including spinal curvature and tail fin defect. However, pericardial edema defects were showed specially in embryos exposed to Sea-nine 211®. At48 hours after exposure, frequency percentage of mortality was shown 100% of mortality in the exposure group of 100 ug/L for sea-nine 211®. Those biocides may be ranked in the following order from highest malformation and mortalities Sea-nine 211® > Irgarol 1051® > Diuron. In consistent with, the gene expression level relating to malformation including the heart formation was higher in embryonic flounder exposed to Sea-nine 211® than those of Irgarol 1051® and Diuron, but genes relating to fin malformation increased commonly in three biocides exposure groups. In the differential gene expression (DEG) profiles sensitive (fold change of genes with cutoff P<0.05), genes associated with nervous system development and synaptic signaling have variated significantly in common with three biocides exposure groups. Embryos exposed to Diuron were changed highly related to cellular protein localization, whereas, genes associated with immune system proc